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The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots
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The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots
- ISBN13: 9780674008069
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The Alex Studies Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots Irene Maxine Pepperberg Can a parrot understand complex concepts and mean what it says? Since the early 1900s, most studies on animal-human communication have focused on great apes and a few cetacean species. Birds were rarely used in similar studies on the grounds that they were merely talented mimics–that they were, after all, “birdbrains.” Experiments performed primarily on pigeons in Skinner boxes demonstrated capacities inferior to those of mammals; these results were thought to reflect the capacities of all birds, despite evidence suggesting that species such as jays, crows, and parrots might be capable of more impressive cognitive feats. Twenty years ago Irene Pepperberg set out to discover whether the results of the pigeon studies necessarily meant that other birds–particularly the large-brained, highly social parrots–were incapable of mastering complex cognitive concepts and the rudiments of referential speech. Her investigation and the bird at its center–a male Grey parrot named Alex–have since become almost as well known as their primate equivalents and no less a subject of fierce debate in the field of animal cognition. This book represents the long-awaited synthesis of the studies constituting one of the landmark experiments in modern comparative psychology. Irene Maxine Pepperberg is Associate Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Associate Professor of Psychology, and Affiliate in the Program in Neuroscience at the University of Arizona. January 61/8 x 91/4 10 halftones, 11 line illus., 44 tables 448 pp.When Irene Pepperberg, a professor at the University of Arizona, says goodnight, she typically hears the reply “Bye. I’m gonna go eat dinner. I’ll see you tomorrow.” Though the response itself is not unusual, the source is, for it comes from Alex, a gray parrot, Pepperberg’s main research subject for the past 22 years. That parrots can talk is well known; what Pepperberg set out to study was their cognitive abilities. By teaching the bird the meaning–not just the sound–of words in order to communicate, she hoped to discover how his brain worked. She exhaustively details her fascinating results in The Alex Studies.
Pepperberg bought Alex–a parrot of average intelligence and without lofty pedigree or training–from a pet store when he was 1. Since working with Pepperberg, he has developed a 100-word vocabulary and can identify 50 different objects, recognizing quantities up to six, distinguishing seven colors and five shapes, and understanding the difference between big and small, same and different, over and under. He can tell you, for instance, that corn is yellow even if there is no corn in view, as well as correctly select the square object among various shapes and identify it verbally. What this all means, stresses Pepperberg, is that Alex is not merely parroting but actually thinking; he bases answers on reason rather than instinct or mimicry.
Though the anecdotes are rich and Alex makes a lively subject, this is principally a research paper relying on intricate details and a prodigious amount of data (the notes and references alone run to 79 pages). This is not light reading, particularly for the layperson. Still, The Alex Studies manages to be more than a valuable contribution to science, for in providing ample evidence of our similarities to other creatures, the book ultimately calls into question the concept of human supremacy over the animal kingdom. Pepperberg’s stated goal is “to provoke awareness in humans that animals have capacities that are far greater than we were once led to expect, and to remind us that all we need to examine these capacities are some enlightened research tools.” She has provided such tools in this seminal work. –Shawn Carkonen
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(out of 17 reviews)
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Review by lois levin for The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots
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This is essential reading for anyone interested in animal cognition. Dr. Pepperberg reviews her two decades of careful, systematic work with one African gray parrot and provides a detailed picture of the evolution of her ideas, methodologies and truly mind-boggling data. This is a well-written, easy to follow, well-organized account of her scientific work, of which most people have only had a brief glimpse (either in the press or from documentary films on PBS and the Discovery Channel). The public is becoming increasingly aware of the complexity of animal minds, and I predict that this book will remain an excellent resource for years to come; it not only explain’s the writer’s seminal contribution to this fascinating interdisciplinary field, it also provides an historical context and theoretical rationale for the work of many other scientists studying language, cognition and animal behavior.
Review by for The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots
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I can almost hear Irene Pepperberg saying that to us as she describes the significance of THE ALEX STUDIES. She herself offers a few humorous anecdotes about Alex, but for the most part there is definitely nothing funny about this book. It’s written in a deliberately prosaic style for the following reasons. The very tendency for the media and general public to treat Alex as simply the “talking parrot”, when in reality his vocalizations represent something much more important in terms of animal cognition and communication. Also stemming from the fact that her findings about bird cognition are so significant, Pepperberg in making her case to scientific colleagues, writes with them in mind. She is incredibly detailed in describing her experiments and the controls used. This is in order to avoid the possibility of cueing and thus comparisons to “clever Hans”; she wants to remove the possibility of persons saying the evidence is that most dreaded scientific epithet – merely “anecdotal”. The book is replete with references and Pepperberg places them in the body of her text instead of as footnotes. The book is not a smooth read and only a scientist could describe it as “a delightful and easy read” as ethologist Marc Bekoff says on the cover. This is not a popular science book. But equally it takes an evoltionary biologist and ornithologist to see the “groundbreaking” significance of the book as Bernd Heinrich does. Where does that leave us, the general reading public? If you take it in small pecks (couldn’t resist one bird metaphor) you will be rewarded by some incredible insights into the cognitive powers of animals. We learn of abilities that scientists said perhaps (and that’s a capital “P”) resided only in Great Apes. Never was it imagined that birds possesed them. Pepperberg spends chapters discussing different capabilities such as numeric cognition, categorization, and word comprehension. Alex responded to Pepperberg’s questions about “what color?” “what shape?” and “how many?” with appropriate answers. By far the most interesting responses were Alex’s answers to conceptual problems. When asked “what’s different” Alex showed he understood the concept of relativity by answering “larger”. The traditional view was that we know that animals are not sentient. Pepperberg’s experiments show that what we “know” about animal cognition is not that much at all. How else can it be. Science has a history of a few hundred years and it was not that very long ago that we “knew” that the earth was flat or that it was at the center of the universe. Cognitive Ethology (the study of animal intelligence) is less than a generation old. Perhaps he’s not the best source to quote since he’s from a comedy, but that man in black, Tommie Lee Jones as “K” was absolutely right when he said “just imagine what we’ll know tomorrow.”
Review by for The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots
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One of the preconceived notions I had before reading this book was that the quality of research would be rather soft around the edges… Sort of “feel good pseudo-science”… I was pleasantly surprised when I learned how meticulous and critical Pepperberg had obviously been in the course of her research. By not being afraid to challenge the traditional beliefs of animal cognition as well as boldy examining the potential pitfalls of her own approach, Pepperberg has delivered a compelling and meticulous body of scientific research that stands on its own. Pseudo-science? Definitely not. Feel good? Well, since I’m a parrot “owner” as well as always being fascinated by the subject of cognition, this book was a great read for me. The one downfall to all of this is that I’m constantly annoying my wife by trying to get her to participate in model-rival training sessions with our own African Grey. The bird, however, indulges me… Im sure he considers my efforts quite amusing.
Review by Judith L. Latta for The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots
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Eminently readable, occasionally touched with a delicious dry wit, “The Alex Studies” is a “must” read for anyone intrested in animal intelligence. Gut instinct. Creative insight. Educated guess. Hypothesis. Call it what you will, this is the ingredient needed to make new discoveries. It’s inspiring when a scientist has such a gut instinct that seems off the wall to all others but the scientist nevertheless launches a lifetime of work dedicated to uncovering truth–and against all expectations, turns out to be right. Pepperberg’s work with Alex, as described here, is a delightful example of that kind of vision. Her diligence, brilliance, and exceedingly careful work over many years has provided a fascinating expansion of our horizon on animal intelligence. Thoughtful comparisons with similar work on other animals, including human children, were particularly thought-provoking for me.
Review by Stephen A. Haines for The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots
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What can a bird learn? Irene Pepperberg set out to find out. As with children, the best way to assess what has been learnt is to ask. Primarily for that reason, she chose birds capable of forming human words. An African Grey parrot, who she dubbed Alex [Avian Learning EXperiment], became the subject of her investigations. Earlier efforts in laboratories were unsatisfactory. Why should Mynahs, reputedly excellent mimics, fail to learn speech in laboratory conditions? When in homes with several people providing input, they chatter endlessly, almost to distraction. The solution, Pepperberg decided, was the intense social environment. To that end, she developed a training method that produced astonishing results.
This book thoroughly documents the author’s methods and results, providing a fascinating account of the cognitive abilities of at least one psittacine species, the Grey Parrot. Incorporating a technique she calls M/R – for Model/Rival, Pepperberg would “teach” an assistant what she wished Alex to learn. The bird observed this, then was encouraged to emulate the learning experience. This meant the bird had to understand what was to be learned and use its innate abilities to achieve it. Speech was the first lessons, but things moved well beyond simple words quickly. Shapes, colours and materials were the next level, with Alex discriminating among them both singly and in groupings. The object was to understand what Alex could comprehend and act on. Alex also learned to differentiate – “larger”, or “different” or, most significantly for a bird – “abscence”. He could note when something was missing, naming the missing object. The method resulted in Alex’s expressing his own needs and wants, even ending a training session by declaring he wished to quit.
Pepperberg’s research findings are in direct contradiction to past scientific efforts. The book is therefore richly detailed with the methods used and was information was obtained. There are photographs of test object layouts, even stills from X-ray videos of how Alex forms his speech. She is clearly challenging the received wisdom of established opinion. She’s careful to avoid terms like “consciousness” or even “intelligence”, although the latter comes in for some discussion late in the book. She finds only one example of Alex’s communication she thinks can be deemed “creative”. Much more important, in her view, is that we need to understand previously under-evaluated cognitive capabilities in parrots. They are a long-lived and social species, conditions which lead to interaction among individuals and reinforced learning. Social interaction, combined with carefully devised teaching methods are essential to proper learning, whether with children, other primates or psittacines. The capacity is there, and we need to recognise it. The Alex studies clearly demonstrate that at least these psittacines are capable of far more than the simply mimicry we’ve long attributed to them. Human primacy in learning, once considered fundamental to our place in Nature, is clearly at an end.
Pepperberg’s narrative is thoroughly detailed and supported by an equally thorough bibliography. The reading may be a bit of a slog for the novice reader. The citation method breaks up sentences, a common technique with ethography studies, but cumbersome to cope with. The method is in line with her concern for academic acceptance. She excuses the approach as not desiring “to overwhelm readers with facts and figures” [although there are still plenty of those] but to encourage an enlarged sensitivity to the abilities of non-human species. She has certainly accomplished that task, and admirably. [stephen a. haines - Ottawa, Canada]